| Nanjing University | |
|---|---|
| 南京大學 | |
| Motto | 誠樸雄偉 勵學敦行 |
| Motto in English | Sincerity with Aspiration, Perseverance with Integrity (Official) or Sincerity, Simplicity, Sturdiness, Greatness, Endeavor to Learn, Urge to Act (Literal) [1] |
| Established | Teachings since 258, Founded in 1902, reestablished in 1915, renamed Nanjing University in 1949 [2] |
| Type | National |
| President | Chen Jun (陈骏) |
| Academic staff | 3,000 |
| Undergraduates | 12,200 |
| Postgraduates | 9,900 |
| Location | Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China |
| Campus | Urban: Gulou campus Suburban: Xianlin campus |
| Affiliations | APRU, AEARU, WUN, C9 |
| Website | www.nju.edu.cn (Chinese) |
Nanjing University (NJU or NU, simplified Chinese: 南京大学; traditional Chinese: 南京大學; pinyin: Nánjīng Dàxué; colloquially 南大, Nándà), or Nanking University, is one of the oldest and most prestigious institutions of higher learning in China. Following many changes through dynasties since CE 258, it was established as a modern new-type school in 1902 in the end period of Qing Dynasty, and became a modern university in the early 1920s, the early years of Republic of China, and is the first Chinese modern university with the combination of education and research.[3][4] Before the eve of establishment of People's Republic of China in 1949, the name was changed from National Central University to Nanking University.
Nanjing University is a comprehensive research university. It is a national university directly under the Ministry of Education of PRC, largely financed by China central and also local Jiangsu provincial finance, and is a member of the C9 League. Nanjing University has two campuses: Gulou campus, located in the centre of Nanjing City, and Xianlin campus, located in northeast of Nanjing southern to Yangtse River, which is the home to undergraduate students.
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Imperial Nanking University, the predecessor of Nanjing University, was founded in the first year of Yong'an reign (CE 258) under the Kingdom of Wu by Emperor Jing of Wu, and the first president was Wei Zhao (韋昭). The Imperial University in Nanking (南京太學, Nanking Taixue) was reestablished by Emperor Yuan of Jin in the first year of Jianwu reign (317), 155 new rooms were built in the campus which was located in today's Fuzimiao (夫子廟) area situated on Qinhuai River banks, and the Nanking Imperial University began recruiting students from common families instead of only from families of high ranking officials. Like its forerunner Chengjun (成均) and succeeding Shang Hsiang (上庠) founded by Yu (禹, 21st century BCE) in Chungyuan, the earliest recorded imperial higher learning institutions and their successors, it was the Kingdom's central university.
In 470 during the Song Dynasty of Southern Dynasties, the Imperial Nanking University became a comprehensive institution combining higher education and research, with five divisions: Literature, History, Confucianism, Xuan Study and Yin Yang Study.[5] The campus of the School of Literature and School of History were located in today's Nanjing University Gulou campus, west to Gulou (鼓樓) mountain, and the campus was moved to today's Chaotian Palace (朝天宮) area at the time when Wang Jian (王俭) was university president. In the period the faculty members included such scholars and scientists as Zu Chongzhi (祖沖之), Ge Hong (葛洪), Wang Xizhi (王羲之), and students included such figures as Xiao Daocheng, Emperor Gao of Southern Qi who studied in school of Confucian studies, and Zhong Rong, a founding scholar of poetics who graduated from division of literature.
In 937 when the campus was again in Fuzimiao area, the school scholar Li Shandao established another national school outside capital city which is called Bailudong Shuyuan (White Deer Grotto Academy), a famous academy located in Lushan that later hosted many renowned scholars including Zhu Xi and Lu Jiuyuan.
In 1381 Imperial Central University (國子監, Guozijian) moved campus from Nanking Fuzimiao area to south of Qintian Mountain (欽天山), near Xuanwu Lake. The university developed and flourished in the period, consisting of six schools: three basic level colleges, two middle level schools and one advanced level school. In 1403 Peking Guozijian (Beijing Guozijian, Imperial Peking University) was established. Yongle Encyclopedia was completed in Nanking campus in 1408 after five years compilation, 9169 scholars selected from nationwide took part in it, thereinto 2180 were student scholars of the university of Nanking. The publishing house of Imperial Nanking University (南京國子監, Nanking Guozijian) had been a publishing centre for several hundred years. Wu Cheng'en and Zheng Chenggong studied there during the Ming Dynasty.
Each time when Nanking became a non-capital city, the Nanking Imperial University was changed to be regional Nanking Academy. The Imperial Nanking University was changed to Nanking Academy (江寧府學, Jiangning Fuxue) in 1650 after Qing Dynasty replaced Ming Dynasty, and the academy was relocated to Chaotian Palace after Taiping Rebellion. The current school authority took the year starting to establish the modern new type school Sanjiang Normal College as the school's new founding year.[6]
In 1902, Sanjiang Normal College under new educational system, using Japanese modern higher institutions of learning as references, was beginning to be established to replace the traditional Chinese school Nanking Academy, and was opened in the next year. The name was changed to Liangjiang Normal College in 1906, and the new president Li Ruiqing (李瑞清) established the first faculty of modern art in China.
In 1915 after the Republic of China replaced Qing Dynasty, the Nanking Higher Normal School (南京高等師範學校) was founded to replace Liangjiang Higher Normal School which was closed three years before due to Xinhai Revolution, Jiang Qian (江謙) was appointed as the president. The school established the China's first faculty of modern gymnastics (physical education) in 1916.
The "China Science Society" (中國科學社), a major science organization in the modern history of China, founded its headquarters in the school in 1918. Its members established "Academia Sinica" (中央研究院) which was later moved to Taiwan and known as the "Chinese Academy of Sciences" (中国科学院) in mainland China. Numerous Chinese modern science pioneers, most of whom studied in America and some European countries such as Britain, France and Germany, converged there to found many fields of science in China. It became the Chinese cradle of modern science. Among 81 academicians of "Academia Sinica" elected for the first time in 1948, five entered or graduated from the university in 1920. More than half of the leading Chinese scientists whose works were published in scientific journals in the early period of Chinese modern science were graduates or academics of Nanjing University.
Guo Bingwen (郭秉文) was an influential university president, appointed in 1919 after Jiang Qian. The school meeting passed The Audit Law for Women Students (《規定女子旁聽法案》) on December 7, 1919, as result of efforts of the educationist Tao Xingzhi (陶行知), as well as the president Guo Bingwen, and the professors including Liu Boming (劉伯明), Lu Zhiwei (陸志韋), Yang Xingfo (楊杏佛), etc. In 1920 Nanjing Higher Normal school became the first in China to recruit coeducational students and enrolled eight women students.
In 1921 the National Southeastern University (國立東南大學) was founded, and in 1923 Nanking Higher Normal School was merged into it. The earliest modern scientific research laboratories and groups in China were established at the university. It integrated teaching and research, with status of university’s independence and academic freedom, and was regarded as the earliest Chinese modern university.[4] The Faculty of Business established in 1917 was moved to Shanghai to establish the first business school in China.
In October 1921, "Hsuehheng Society" (or Xueheng Society, 學衡社) was founded in the university which was the focus of the "Hsuehheng School" included the scholars Liu Yizheng (柳詒徵), Liu Boming (劉伯明), Mei Guangdi (梅光迪), Wu Mi (吳宓) and Hu Xianxiao (胡先驌). They reinvigorated Confucian culture and published the monthly "Critical Review" (Xueheng, 學衡 in Chinese) in January 1922. It enabled Nanjing University to become a center of Confucian thought and humanism. During this period, Nanjing University was known as the foremost "Oriental Education Centre" and recognized as an academic and cultural exchange centre for east and west. Many scholars visited and instructed there, including the American educationist Paul Monroe, W. H. Kilpatrick, E. L. Thorndike, philosopher John Dewey, British philosopher Bertrand Russell, German philosopher Hans Driesch and the Indian (also Bengali) poet Rabindranath Tagore.
The Chinese Association of Natural Science (中華自然科學社) was founded at the university in 1927. In August 1928 the school became National Central University (國立中央大學). During the Anti-Japanese War between 1937 and 1945, the university moved to Chongqing. The Natural Science Forum was founded by the university faculties in 1939 and then they founded the China Association of Scientific Workers (中國科學工作者協會) in 1944. In 1958 the associations were merged to be the China Association for Science and Technology (中國科學技術協會) in Beijing. The Natural Science Forum was renamed Sept. 3rd Forum and later again renamed Sept. 3rd Society in 1945. The Sept. 3rd Society, or called Jiusan Society, is a China organization for intellectual groups.
In 1949, during the Chinese Civil War, the central government of the Republic of China retreated from Nanjing and the National Central University was renamed National Nanjing University (國立南京大學) before the establishment of People's Republic of China. In 1952, many departments and colleges of former Nanjing University formed independent colleges and universities, and Nanjing University site became the campus of one of them, Nanking Institute of Technology which later renamed Southeast University, and at the same time University of Nanking (金陵大學), a private university established in 1888 and sponsored by American churches, was merged into Nanjing University (南京大學), which lost its "national" appellation to reflect the reality that all universities in the PRC would be public. Nanjing University moved campus to the site of University of Nanking where was also once site of imperial Nanjing University in ancient times. A separate National Central University was reinstated in Taiwan by its old alumni association in 1962.
In 1976, the faculty members and students of the university launched Nanjing Anti Cultural Revolution Force Movement which was called "Nanjing Incident" by the authorities of the time, spreading countrywide. In 1978, Hu Fuming, a faculty member of the Philosophy Department of Nanjing University, wrote the historic article entitled "Practice is the Sole Criterion for Testing Truth", and after being published it led to the nationwide "Debate on Standards for Judging the Truth", and thus liberated thought and promoted the ending of Cultural Revolution and the coming of reform era.
Many faculties, departments, institutes and schools have been re-founded or initially founded since 1978. In 2009, Xianlin Campus was opened, replacing Pukou Campus which was put into use in 1993, and Pukou Campus became the campus of Jinling College which was founded by Nanjing University. The Xianlin Campus is a main campus along with Gulou Compus.
Nanjing University mainly has two campuses - Gulou and Xianlin, and there's another campus, Pukou. The distance between Gulou and Xianlin campus is about 18 kilometers.
Gulou Campus is located in Gulou District, at the center of Nanjing City. The main campus itself is divided into two sections by Hankou Road: North Garden, Bei Yuan, is where most teaching and research take place; and South Garden, Nan Yuan, serves as the living area for both students and academic staff.
Pukou Campus is situated in the suburban Pukou District and became part of Nanjing University in 1993. Once Pukou Campus hosted undergraduate freshmen, sophomore and junior students. In 2009, the Pukou campus became the campus of the independent Jinling College, which was founded by Nanjing University.
Xianlin Campus is located in the northeast of Nanjing, in the Xianlin Universities Town, south to Yangtse River and Qixia Mountain, east to Purple Mountain, and west to Baohua Mountain. The campus is home to undergraduate students. It was opened in September 2009. There is the stop of Nanjing University Xianlin Campus on Line 2 of Nanjing Subway, which enables Xianlin and Gulou campus to be connected through subway.
In 2011 QS World University Rankings ranked Nanjing University 186th overall in the world.[7] Its individual subject rankings were: 136th in Arts and Humanities, 163th in Engineering and IT, 193rd in Life Sciences and Biomedicine, 85th in Natural Sciences, and 131th in Social Sciences.
Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked Nanjing University 251st in their 2011-2012 publication.[8]
The 2011 iteration of Academic Ranking of World Universities by Shanghai Jiaotong University recommended a worldwide rank of 201-300.[9]
Domestically, Academic Ranking of World Universities by Shanghai Jiaotong University suggested a domestic rank of 2-7.[10] Chinese university ranking (Chinese Academy of Management Science) since 1995 ranked the university between 2nd and 6th.[11][12] Chinese university ranking is a ranking by Netbig, an internet company focused on higher education. It's conducted annually since 1999, and generally released in July, around the time of college entrance examination. Nanjing University was ranked constantly 3rd before 2005 and fell to 5th place in recent years.
Nanjing University Herbarium (N) was founded in 1902, it is the first modern herbarium in China. It is located in the Tianjiabing Building.
Nanjing University established the first department of Western literature among Chinese universities, in 1921. Two years later the department was merged with English department and other faculties including French and German and renamed department of foreign languages and literature, later known as school of foreign studies. China Association for the Study of American Literature (CASAL) is located in Nanjing University.
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